PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INFLAMMATION
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Abstract
Inflammation is a complex physiological response that protects tissues from infection and injury. It involves coordinated vascular, cellular, and biochemical processes. This article reviews the full spectrum of inflammation’s pathophysiology: from its triggers (infectious, traumatic, autoimmune, etc.) and classic clinical features, through molecular and cellular mechanisms (acute and chronic phases), to clinical implications (diseases, diagnostics, therapies) and current research directions. We cover etiology (causes), pathogenesis (mechanisms), clinical relevance, laboratory markers, treatment strategies, epidemiological statistics, and recent advances, maintaining an in-depth and structured approach for a graduate-level audience.
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